Autism Spectrum Conditions

Understanding Autism Spectrum Conditions

Autism spectrum condition (ASC), also referred to as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental difference characterised by variations in social communication, sensory processing, and patterns of interest and behaviour. The spectrum encompasses a wide range of presentations, from individuals requiring substantial support to those whose differences may be subtle and easily overlooked.

It is important to recognise that autism is not a disease or disorder in the traditional sense, but rather a different way of experiencing and interacting with the world. Many autistic individuals possess exceptional abilities in areas such as pattern recognition, attention to detail, and specialised interests, whilst facing challenges in social communication and sensory processing.

Accurate diagnosis is essential—not as a label, but as a gateway to understanding. Many individuals reach adulthood without diagnosis, having developed compensatory strategies that mask underlying differences whilst experiencing significant personal cost. Others receive incomplete or incorrect diagnoses that fail to capture the full picture of their neurodevelopmental profile.

Why Assessment Matters

For children, early and accurate assessment enables appropriate support to be put in place, reducing the risk of secondary difficulties such as anxiety, depression, and school refusal. For adults, diagnosis can provide clarity and understanding, often explaining a lifetime of feeling "different" or struggling in ways that others seem to navigate effortlessly.

Assessment is particularly important when:

• Previous assessments have been inconclusive or conflicting
• There are co-occurring conditions that complicate diagnosis
• The individual presents with subtle or "high-functioning" characteristics
• There is a need for detailed understanding to guide treatment or support

Dr Aydin's Assessment Approach

Dr Aydin's autism assessments are comprehensive and evidence-based, incorporating multiple sources of information to ensure accurate diagnostic formulation. The assessment process typically includes:

1. Clinical Interview

Detailed exploration of developmental history, current functioning, and specific concerns. Where possible, information is gathered from family members who can provide developmental history, particularly for children and adults who may have limited insight into their early development.

The clinical interview explores:

• Early developmental milestones and social communication development
• Patterns of play, interests, and repetitive behaviours
• Sensory sensitivities and processing differences
• Social relationships and communication style
• Current challenges and areas of strength
• Impact on daily functioning, education, or employment

2. Standardised Diagnostic Assessment

Administration of gold-standard diagnostic instruments as appropriate to age and presentation:

ADOS-2 (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition)

The ADOS-2 is a semi-structured assessment that provides opportunities to observe social communication, play, and restricted and repetitive behaviours in a standardised context. It is considered the gold standard observational assessment for autism and is appropriate for individuals from 12 months to adulthood.

ADI-R (Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised)

The ADI-R is a comprehensive, standardised parent or caregiver interview that explores developmental history and current behaviour. It provides detailed information about early development and current presentation, complementing the observational assessment.

These instruments are administered by Dr Aydin, who is trained and experienced in their use. The combination of ADOS-2 and ADI-R provides a robust diagnostic framework that is recognised internationally.

3. QEEG Brain Mapping

Quantitative EEG assessment provides objective neurophysiological data that can support diagnostic formulation and guide treatment planning. Characteristic patterns of brain activity are frequently observed in autism spectrum conditions, including:

• Atypical patterns of connectivity between brain regions
• Differences in neural synchronisation
• Specific patterns of brain wave activity

QEEG findings can help to:

• Support diagnostic confidence when clinical presentation is complex
• Identify specific areas of the brain that may benefit from targeted intervention
• Guide personalised treatment protocols for neuromodulation therapies
• Provide objective baseline data for monitoring treatment progress

4. Cognitive Assessment

Evaluation of intellectual functioning, executive function, and specific cognitive strengths and weaknesses provides a comprehensive profile that informs support recommendations. Cognitive assessment helps to:

• Identify cognitive strengths that can be leveraged in support planning
• Understand specific areas of difficulty that may require targeted intervention
• Inform educational or workplace accommodations
• Distinguish between autism-related differences and other cognitive difficulties

Treatment and Support Options

Following diagnosis, Dr Aydin offers evidence-based treatment options tailored to each individual's specific needs and goals. Treatment is not about "curing" autism—which is neither possible nor desirable—but rather about supporting individuals to thrive and reducing the impact of co-occurring difficulties.

Neuromodulation Therapy

For individuals experiencing specific difficulties such as anxiety, sensory overwhelm, executive function challenges, or difficulties with emotional regulation, targeted neuromodulation can provide meaningful benefit. Treatment protocols are guided by QEEG findings to ensure precise targeting of the brain regions most relevant to the individual's specific pattern of difficulties.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) may be used to address:

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) may be used to address:

• Anxiety and emotional regulation difficulties
• Executive function challenges
• Sensory processing differences
• Co-occurring depression

Transcranial Pulse Stimulation (TPS) may be beneficial for:

• Addressing deeper brain structures involved in emotional processing
• Supporting overall neurodevelopmental progress in children

Neurodivergent Support Programme

Intensive multimodal programmes for children combining TMS and TPS with ongoing monitoring. These structured programmes address specific areas of difficulty whilst supporting overall neurodevelopmental progress. The programme includes:

• Initial QEEG brain mapping to identify treatment targets
• Individualised neuromodulation treatment protocol
• Regular monitoring and protocol adjustments
• Support for families in understanding and supporting their child
• Coordination with schools and other professionals where appropriate

Who Can Be Assessed?

Dr Aydin assesses children from age 5 and adults of all ages. Assessment is available for:

• Children and adolescents - Early identification and support can make a significant difference to long-term outcomes
• Adults seeking diagnosis - Many adults seek assessment to understand themselves better and access appropriate support
• Second opinions - When previous assessments have been inconclusive or when a more detailed evaluation is needed
• Complex presentations - When there are co-occurring conditions or when diagnosis is particularly challenging

The Assessment Process

The assessment process typically involves:

Initial Consultation

A comprehensive clinical interview to understand the presenting concerns, developmental history, and determine the most appropriate assessment pathway. This may involve one or more sessions depending on complexity.

Standardised Assessment

Administration of ADOS-2 and ADI-R, typically conducted over one or two sessions. For children, parents or caregivers are interviewed separately.

Additional Assessments

Where indicated, QEEG brain mapping and cognitive assessment may be recommended to provide a more comprehensive understanding.

Feedback and Report

A detailed written report is produced, and findings are discussed in a feedback session. The report includes diagnostic conclusions, recommendations for support, and, where appropriate, treatment recommendations.

After Assessment

Following assessment, Dr Aydin provides:

• A comprehensive written report suitable for sharing with GPs, schools, employers, or other professionals
• Clear recommendations for support and intervention
• Information about treatment options where appropriate
• Signposting to relevant services and resources
• Ongoing support and follow-up as needed